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Am I Liable for My Deceased Spouse's Debts? - The Bills.com Blog
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Am I Liable for My Deceased Spouse's Debts?
Tuesday, Oct 6, 2009
Question: We live in Alabama. My wife died with about $17,000 in credit card debt -- all in her name. She also has a car loan in her name only which she purchased credit insurance on. We own a home with some equity but not much. What could I expect from the credit card companies? Would they put a lien on our house? Could they force a sale? Would they come after a fairly new paid off car in her name? What could I expect if I don't assume her credit card debt?
Answer: My condolences on your loss. If you remember anything I am about to write, please let it be this: Do not believe legal advice from collection agents. The legal advice collection agents tell people is usually incomplete or wrong, as is always self-serving.Deceased spouse's debt
Some people assume a decedent's debt is forgiven or possibly written off by creditors. The law does not work that way, with the exception of federal student loans. However, spouses or other relatives are not responsible for the decedent's debt automatically, either. Many collection agents take advantage of a debtor's grief and ignorance of the law to imply the family must pay the decedent's debt, but that may not be the case.
When a person dies with a will, the will controls the financial affairs of the decedent's assets, which is called the "estate." A will distributes assets, not debts. However, before any assets can be distributed to the heirs, all known debts must be paid by the executor. Therefore, the executor will sell assets in the estate to pay for any debts that remain. Only after the debts are paid will the remaining assets be distributed among the beneficiaries of the will.
If a person dies without a will, this is known as "dying intestate" in lawyer-speak. In this situation, the court appoints an administrator to handle the distribution of the decedent's assets according to the laws of the state. As with dying with a will, assets are distributed after debts are paid.
Here is a key point: If the estate is insolvent the creditor has no legal right to collect the debt from family members, children, or friends. In most states, the creditor cannot collect from the spouse either. However, in community property states, the question becomes more complicated.
Deceased spouse's debt in community property states
Community property states include Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. Generally speaking, in community property states, debt incurred by a spouse for the benefit of the family is considered a "community" debt, and therefore the spouse is responsible for repaying that debt.
However, no two community
property states use exactly the same laws. As a consequence, if you live in a community property state and have a spousal debt issue, it is imperative that you consult with an attorney in your state so that you understand your rights and liabilities in your particular circumstances.
Your questions
Alabama is not a community property state, so my discussion about community property law does not apply to you because you stated you live in Alabama. You did not mention whether your wife died with a will. I will assume she died intestate because you did not mention it. In a process called probate, the administrator will review all of your wife's assets and debts. You mentioned she had "credit insurance" on the vehicle, which I will infer means the balance of the car loan was paid when your wife passed away. The vehicle is an asset in her estate, unless your wife had your name on the title with hers. If your name is on the vehicle's title, the vehicle became yours upon her passing.
For the sake of argument, let us assume her name was on the vehicle title alone. Let us also assume she had no other assets. And finally, let us assume the fair market value of the vehicle is $17,000. If that is the case, the administrator will sell the car, and pay the credit card company the balance owed, leaving you and her other heirs nothing. However, if the vehicle is worth more than the balance on the credit card account, then the remainder after paying off her debts will be distributed to your wife's heirs. On the other hand, if your wife's vehicle is worth less than $17,000, the administrator will sell it, give the proceeds of the sale to the creditor, and look elsewhere in your wife's estate for the balance.
Spousal debt and real estate
I am concerned about the title of your home. You used the phrase "We own a home..." This implies both of your names are on the title.
The exact language used in conjunction with the names on the title is extremely important. If the language on the title is "John Doe and Jane Doe, as joint tenants" or "John Doe and Jane Doe, as joint tenants with right of survivorship" then your spouse's interest in the property passed to you at the moment of death automatically.
Similarly, if the phrasing of the title is something like, "John Doe and Jane Doe, with a tenancy by
Your questions
Alabama is not a community property state, so my discussion about community property law does not apply to you because you stated you live in Alabama. You did not mention whether your wife died with a will. I will assume she died intestate because you did not mention it. In a process called probate, the administrator will review all of your wife's assets and debts. You mentioned she had "credit insurance" on the vehicle, which I will infer means the balance of the car loan was paid when your wife passed away. The vehicle is an asset in her estate, unless your wife had your name on the title with hers. If your name is on the vehicle's title, the vehicle became yours upon her passing.
For the sake of argument, let us assume her name was on the vehicle title alone. Let us also assume she had no other assets. And finally, let us assume the fair market value of the vehicle is $17,000. If that is the case, the administrator will sell the car, and pay the credit card company the balance owed, leaving you and her other heirs nothing. However, if the vehicle is worth more than the balance on the credit card account, then the remainder after paying off her debts will be distributed to your wife's heirs. On the other hand, if your wife's vehicle is worth less than $17,000, the administrator will sell it, give the proceeds of the sale to the creditor, and look elsewhere in your wife's estate for the balance.
Spousal debt and real estate
I am concerned about the title of your home. You used the phrase "We own a home..." This implies both of your names are on the title.
The exact language used in conjunction with the names on the title is extremely important. If the language on the title is "John Doe and Jane Doe, as joint tenants" or "John Doe and Jane Doe, as joint tenants with right of survivorship" then your spouse's interest in the property passed to you at the moment of death automatically.
Similarly, if the phrasing of the title is something like, "John Doe and Jane Doe, with a tenancy by
the entirety" then your spouse's interest in the property passed to you at the moment of death automatically.
With either a joint tenancy or a tenancy in the entirety, because your spouse's interest passed to you without going through the probate process, the house is not an asset of your spouse's estate. That means that the creditor's have no legal means of stating any claim against your house -- there is no way for them to attach a lien to the house.
On the other hand, if the phrasing used on the title to the house is something like, "John Doe and Jane Doe as tenants in common," then we have a more complicated situation.
Tenancy in common
In a tenancy in common, each person on the title has an undivided interest in the property. Each person can dispose of their share of the property without it affecting the ownership rights of others. Unlike a joint tenancy or a tenancy in the entirety, upon death the decedent's interest does not flow to the other owners instantly. Instead, the interest is considered an asset of the estate, and is distributed according to the decedent's will or the state's intestate distribution rules.
In this case, if the house was titled as a tenancy in common, you would retain your interest, then as spouse receive one-half of her interest. Her remaining interest would proceed through probate. If estate was debt-free, the remaining interest would be distributed to her other heirs, such as any children she may have had.
If the house was titled as a tenancy in common, and your spouse's estate had outstanding debt, then it is within the administrator's power to sell the interest to raise funds to satisfy the debt.
As you may have gathered, the rules regarding how a property may be titled are intricate (they are almost universally hated among law students, too, but I digress.) For that reason, I recommend you take the documents regarding your spouse's vehicle loan, her recent credit card statement, the title to your property, and any other documents that you think may be important regarding her finances to an Alabama attorney experienced in property or probate law. He or she will review the entire situation and give you a more detailed and precise discussion of your rights and liabilities.
I hope this information helps you Find. Learn & Save.
Best,
Bill
www.bills.com/blog/
With either a joint tenancy or a tenancy in the entirety, because your spouse's interest passed to you without going through the probate process, the house is not an asset of your spouse's estate. That means that the creditor's have no legal means of stating any claim against your house -- there is no way for them to attach a lien to the house.
On the other hand, if the phrasing used on the title to the house is something like, "John Doe and Jane Doe as tenants in common," then we have a more complicated situation.
Tenancy in common
In a tenancy in common, each person on the title has an undivided interest in the property. Each person can dispose of their share of the property without it affecting the ownership rights of others. Unlike a joint tenancy or a tenancy in the entirety, upon death the decedent's interest does not flow to the other owners instantly. Instead, the interest is considered an asset of the estate, and is distributed according to the decedent's will or the state's intestate distribution rules.
In this case, if the house was titled as a tenancy in common, you would retain your interest, then as spouse receive one-half of her interest. Her remaining interest would proceed through probate. If estate was debt-free, the remaining interest would be distributed to her other heirs, such as any children she may have had.
If the house was titled as a tenancy in common, and your spouse's estate had outstanding debt, then it is within the administrator's power to sell the interest to raise funds to satisfy the debt.
As you may have gathered, the rules regarding how a property may be titled are intricate (they are almost universally hated among law students, too, but I digress.) For that reason, I recommend you take the documents regarding your spouse's vehicle loan, her recent credit card statement, the title to your property, and any other documents that you think may be important regarding her finances to an Alabama attorney experienced in property or probate law. He or she will review the entire situation and give you a more detailed and precise discussion of your rights and liabilities.
I hope this information helps you Find. Learn & Save.
Best,
Bill
www.bills.com/blog/
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